anatomyforme

Male Gross Anatomy.. no that's what HE said

2008-06-03T00:31:00.000-07:00

Do you need a quick review of Histology slides without journeying to an open lab??? Check out this web site... you can literally ZOOM IN on the slides online. Sweet! Thanks to
University of Iowa

As always, my all time favorite SIU med web site their histology is comprehensive respiratory to reproductive with great explanations in only a few sentences.

Terms to Know: *** know on cadaver if *** asterisks present Sorry I need pics of the models... be careful however if googling such titles... Haha
Scrotum***- skin and fascia
testes***-
Septa
Tunica Albuginea***- white cord most inner
Tunica Vaginalis***- double layered covering
Epididymis***
Spermatic Cord***- in the cord contains/ holds all
Pampiniform plexus- testes veins
Cremaster muscle- helps regulate temperature with proximity
Ductus Deferens (vas deferens)
Ampulla
Ejaculatory duct
Urethra
Prostatic- through prostate
membranous- below prostate to penis short
Spongy Penile Urethra ***

Penis
Corpus Spongiosum ***- holds urethra in middle
Corpus Cavernosa***-
Glans Penis***-extension of spongiosa
Prepuce*** (foreskin)

Prostate Gland- 1/3 seminal fluid
Seminal Vesicles- 2/3 seminal fluid
Bulbourethral glands- clear viscous pre-ejaculate

1- Tunica albuginea
3- Septum
4- Epididymis

Female Anatomy Plenty to grow in...

2008-06-03T00:13:00.000-07:00

Ovary
Hilium- vessels enter ovary
Corpus Luteum
Graafian Follicle
Oviduct-
Fimbriae- fingers connected to fallopian tubes gather oocyte
Infundibulum- next to fimbriae
Ampulla- large region where fallopian tubes turn
Isthmus- connect fillopian tubes to uterus

Uterus:
Endometrium- inner portion which is shed
Myoetrium- thich muscular wall
perimetrium- outside wall
Round ligament- connects uterus to abdominal wall

Cervix- extention of uterus to vagina
Cervical canal
broad ligament
uterus
vagina
mons pubis
labia majora (s. labium majus)
labia minora (s. labium minus)
clitoris
Breast
nipple
areola
mammary duct- produces milk
lactiferous sinus- milk stored
Colostrum- yellowish made first and second day after egg implantation

Actual Class dissections labeled:

White Pins-
1-Ovary
(Oviduct)
2- fimbriae
3- infundibulum
4- Ampulla
5- Isthmus
6- Hilum
7- Graafian Follicle
8- Corpus Luteum

Uterus Pinned:

Red Pins-
1- Ovary
2- Oviduct
Uterus
3- endometrium
4- Myometrium
5- perimetrium
6- Cervical Canal
7- Cervix
8- Broad Ligament

Testes and Male hisotology- guys are like SO easy!

2008-06-02T23:50:00.000-07:00

Testes:
terms to know:
Seminiferous Tubules- tunica albugenia extending into septum
Sertoli cells- cell with dark nucleus clear outside
Spermatogonia- dense to outside less developed
Spermatocytes- less denseley packed
Spermatids- smaller late form with a tail
Interstitial cells (Cells of Leydig)- between seminiferous tubules
Tunica Albuginea
Septa

Epididymis:
Efferent Ductules- long ducts carry sperm to epididymis- wavy edged lumes with spermatazoa in center
Ductus Epididymis-
Stereocilia- line the epididymis
Spermatozoa

Vas Deferens:

Penis:
Glands of Littlre
Corpora Cavernosa-
Corpus Spongiosum- contains urethra to center
Urethra
Tunica Albuginea- covers corpora cavernosa

Secretory Glands:
Seminal Vesicle- production 2/3 semen fluid in this highly folded mucosa
Prostate
Prostatic Concretions- main thing in gland look glossy and pink

Spermatic cord-
Pampiniform plexus- veins near ductus deferens
Smooth Muscle-
longitudinal
circular

Female Ovary Histology- should it be HERstology?

2008-06-02T23:33:00.000-07:00

Ovary terms to know:
tunica albuginea- between germinal epithelium and cortex
germinal epithelium- outtermost layer
Primordial follicle- earliest stage found before birth in women has very small s squamous surrounding
Primary Follicle- 2nd stage simle cuboidal layer
Secondary Follicle- antrum in cell, thecal cells surrounding
Graafian Follicle- has stand/pedestal called cumulous oophorus
Corpus luteum- empty space after oocyte is expelled produces progesterone if oocyte fertilized and implanted
Antretic Follicle- results if oocyte not implanted
Antrum- open space filled with follicular fluid- fluid signifies 2nd follicle in late stage, the off follicle becming Graafian follicle
Follicular Fluid
Oocyte
Primary oocyte
Secondary oocyte
zoa pellucida- pink ribbon glycoprotein between granulosa cell
corona radiata- protects oocyte by bathing it with estrogen
cumulus oophorus
theca interna- outside follicle darker area
follicular cells

To Womb it May concern Uterine and Menstrual Histo

2008-06-02T22:05:00.000-07:00

Uterine Histology

Endometrium- functional layer which is expelled monthly
Basal Layer- Layer Not expelled in menses from which spiral veins grow
Functional Layer- contain uterine gland
Myometrium- Muscular layer deep to endometrium
Perimetrium- outer lining of uterus
Endometrial Glands
Venous sinuses- also called lakes form in endometrium during menses and are shed

Vagina Histology:
Stratified Squamous epithelium- contains a darker stain than the stratified squamous of anal canal. The Stratification and tight cell junctions prevent against injury as on the skin. Unlike skin these are unkeratinized USUALLY, excessive alcohol and drugs can actually begin keratinization of these cells.
Vascular Submucosa- deep region with blood vessells

Menstrual Stages of Histology (NOTE: these differ from the physiological/hormonal stages)
Week 1- Menstrual Week superficial layer is torn with veins and arteries present
Week 2- Proliferative week not as thick repairing superficial layer
Week(s) 3-4 Secretory Week thick with endocrine and gland activity, also contains cork screw shape

No slides per TA of menstrual cycle

Kidney Gross Anatomy- Ewww You're in for fun with Urine production

2008-05-20T03:05:00.000-07:00

Kidney terms to know:
Hilium (hilius)- renal artery, vein and ureter enter/leave kidney
Renal Capsule- smooth transport membrane that adheres tightly to external aspect of kidney
Cortex- Superficial kidney layer- lighter in color and full of Bowman's capsules
Medulla- Deep to cortex, darker red/brown holds loops of henle
Medullary pyramids- triangular and striated sections, base facing cortex
papilla (apex)- points to inner kidney

Renal Columns- area of cortex which dips between pyramids
Renal Pelvis- Medial to hilus, relatively flat/basin-like cavity w/ ureter
Major Calyx- large external of renal pelvis
Minor Calyx- subdivision of major calyx
Renal Artery/Vein- branches 5x's as it enters the kidney it becomes --->
Segmental Arteries- enter hilus it becomes --->
Lobar Arteries- it becomes --->
Interlobar Arteries-
Aracate Arteries- at top of medullary region, these curve over base of medullary pyramid
Interlobular Arteries- ascend into cortex giving off--->
Afferent Arterioles

Pinned Models from class:

White-
1. Cortex
2. Renal Pyramid of Medulla
3. Minor Calyx
4. renal Column
5. Major Calyx
6. Renal Pelvis
7. Ureter
8. Papilla of Pyramid

Red
1. Renal Artery
2. Renal Vein
3. Segmental Arteries
4. Interlobar Artery

Additional Structures of Urinary System

2008-05-20T02:56:00.000-07:00

Other structures to know:

Ureters
Urethra
Bladder
trigone
Adrenal Gland

Histology of the kidney- A lot to process

2008-05-20T02:21:00.000-07:00

Kidney terms to Know:

capsule
Cortex
medulla

Cortical Nephron
Juxtamedullary Nephron
Renal Corpuscle

Glomerulus
Bowman's Capsule (Glomerular Capsule)
visceral layer-consists of podocyte touching glomerulus
parietal layer- simple squamous
vascular pole- side w/ afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole & DCT
urinary pole- opposite of vascular pole
Bowman's Space
Podocytes

Proximal Convoluted tubule
Distal convoluted tubule
Macula densa

P are the PCT and D are the DCT

Loop of Henle
thick segment
thin segment
Collecting ducts
Papillary Ducts
Minor calyx
Medullary Ray
Kidney Lobule
Juxtaglomerular Cells
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
Afferent Arteriole
Efferent Arteriole
vasa recta
Peritubular capillaries

Bladder and Ureters histology that goes right through you

2008-05-20T02:07:00.000-07:00

Bladder and Ureters terms to know:

Transitional Epithelium
Subepithelial CT
lamina propria
submucosa
bladder and muscle layers
inner longitudinal
middle circular
outer longitudinal

Bladder muscle layers and transitional epithelium

Stellate lumen of ureter- wavy epithelium
Ureter muscle layers
inner longitudinal
outer circular
Adventitia

Ureter muscle layers labeled

Unlabeled layers

Urethra muscle layers

a quick overview of bladder and ureter histology from Suny Downstate Medical Center... never heard of it, but the info is good.

Pathways of fluid flow through kidney and urinary system

2008-05-20T00:46:00.000-07:00

Great kidney info site by Vanderbilt University.. unfortunately the slides cannot be pulled up... only a few very good pics are accessible. vanderbilt U info

As usual, the best web site with a plethora of histo pics is SIU Med they pretty much rock the house of histo with tons of slides and great info as well...

Another good kidney histology site from some Tyler Junior College they have a few slides of each part of the kidney.

Histology from Pittsburg University The labels and info included are concise and easy to skim through fr review

Blood flow through kidney:

Renal Artery---> segmental artery---> lobar artery---> interlobar artery---> arculate artery---> interlobular artery---> afferent arteriole---> glomerular capillaries---> efferent arteriole---> peritubular capillaries---> vasa recta (juxtamedullary nephrons only) ---> interlobular vein---> arcuate vein---> interlobar vein--->renal vein

Blood flow through urine:

Glomerulus---> Bowman's capsule---> proximal tube---> descending loop of henle---> ascending loop of Henle---> DCT distal convaluted tubule---> collecting duct---> papillary duct---> minor calyx---> major calyx---> renal pelvis---> ureter---> bladder---> urethra---> and out of the body

Oral cavity and Salivary Glands... It's not just talk

2008-05-05T16:07:00.002-07:00

Oral Cavity: *pictures later tonight*

Enamel
Dentin
Pulp
Pulp Cavity
Cementum- between dentin and peridontal ligament
Cementocytes- produces cementum
Odontoblasts- produces dentin
Peridontal Ligament- between dentin/gingiva
Papillae-
Taste buds-contain gusta sustentacular cell
Taste Pores- where bud enters space near papillae
Gustatory cells-
Sustentacular cells-

Dentin

Taste Buds

Taste Pores

Salivary Glands:
Parotid-
Submandibular or sublingual gland-
mucous cells-
serous demilunes- clump of light stained mucous cells with a mucous "hat"
lobules-
intralobular duct-
interlobular duct-

Salivary Parotid Gland-

Salivary Submandibular Gland

Salivary Sublingual gland

Intralobular duct

Interlobular duct (see pointer end)

Liver and Gallbladder... where the fat really goes... It's not your hips

2008-05-05T16:07:00.001-07:00

SIU Med histo site labeled

Liver terms to know:
Lobule

Portal Triad
Bile Duct
Hepatic Portal Vein and branches- circular or oval lined with simple squamous cells

Hepatic artery and branches- circular or oval with stratified squamous cells and a smooth muscle ring

Central Veins
Sinusoids

Bile Cannaliculi
Hepatocytes

Gall Bladder
Similar to stomach
irregular folded mucosa with disorganized muscularis externa

Stomach, are you hungry?

2008-05-05T16:04:00.000-07:00

Stomach what to know:

Rugae
Oblique muscle layer
Gastric pits- areas between inlets
Gastric glands- far lower than pits
Mucous epithelial cells- line top area (unlike goblet cells NOT mixed with regular cells)
Parietal cells- look like fried eggs with a darker center
Zymogenic "chief" cells- all others in gastric gland

*hint* NO villi, NO goblet cells

Most of the bulk of the gastric mucosa is occupied by secretory cells of the gastric glands, primarily parietal cells (P) and chief cells (C), together with lamina propria.

Duodenum thru Colon histo- Oh no... they're all a like

2008-05-05T15:56:00.000-07:00

Duodenum:

Brunner's glands
Plicae Circulares

*hint* duodenum contains villi

jejunum:

*hint* long skinny villi and NO Brunner's glands

Ileum:
Peyer's patches

*hint* short squat villi, many goblet cells, lots of lymphatic tissue, few plicae circulares

Peyer's patches clearly shown here

Appendix

*hint* no villi, many goblet cells, fecal concretions, diffuse lymphatic tissue

Lab slides live in your PC- or MAC

2008-05-05T15:36:00.000-07:00

KU has the most comprehensive histology easy to cruise through and get all the photos you need. A large number of the histo pics here are from KU... they are labeled as such.

online histo slides

University of Illinois school of Medicine site histo

Try and figure a few out.... or see above posts with hints

Respiratory System Models

2008-04-28T15:22:00.000-07:00

A few more fun A&P links:

lists of all organ systems at innner body.com
interactive A&P learning with getbodysmart.com

Terms to recognize and identify
Trachea-
Lungs-
Pulmonary arteries and veins-
Diaphragm-
Larynx-
Carina-
Hyoid bone-
Bronchi-
Primary Bronchus-
Secondary Bronchus-

Reminder: When it comes to arteries and veins of the heart
Arteries lead away from the heart (including pulmonary artery leading to lungs)
Veins lead toward the heart (including pulmonary veins with oxygenated blood)

Endocrine System- the hormonal system perhaps :)

2008-04-28T15:21:00.002-07:00

Endocrine System:

For a quick explanation of the endocrine system check out the University of Montana web page. It also explains the effects of alcohol on the endocrine system which would be pertinent for many college students and more than one of my friends :) The web site really isn't very specific... and it leaves out the thymus... the alcohol reference reminded me of college students in general, so I thought to include it.
For a more all encompassing and in depth explanation check out Lake Michigan College their web site is very comprehensive and is quickly becoming my favorite online reference for this class.

pituitary gland-Pituitary gland: small marble-sized gland located in the brain directly below the hypothalamus. The gland has two parts, the anterior and posterior; it excretes many hormones as we should all know from lecture.
thyroid gland-Two lobes, located in front of the windpipe just below the voice box.
Produces two hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine: thyroid hormones in general increase the metabolism of almost all body tissues.
parathyroid gland-Four pea sized bodies located behind the thyroid gland that produce PTH. Our lab instructor stated it just looks like "larger bumps" on the under-side (posterior) of the thyroid. SO IF IT IS PINNED it will be the pin posterior to the thyroid.
pancreas- Located in abdomen behind (deep to) the stomach. It releases pancreatic secretions into the pancreatic duct which joins with bile and dumps into the duodenum. The secretion's release is controlled by the hepatopancreatic sphincter, also called the Sphincter of Oddi. Some people have an accessory pancreatic duct which has it's own entry into the duodenum (see associated digestive organs post below.)
Thymus- Located in mediastinum and lies on pericardium. In the cadaver it is merely a flap over the heart region because it shrinks in size as we age... and our cadaver looks OLD.
Adrenal glands- Are located on superior border of kidneys. As we remember from histology, they are comprised of three zones of Adrenal Cortex (zona glomerulosa, zona fasiculata & zona reticularis).

Oral Cavity including Teeth and Salivary Glands

2008-04-28T15:21:00.001-07:00

A short list to know for lab:

Parotid Gland- The largest gland behind the tongue in the back of the throat
Sublingual Gland- below the tongue
Submandibular Gland- below the mandible

Oral Cavity:
Terms to know and identify:
Lingual Frenulum- connects tongue and gingiva. Lift your tongue and it's the flap of skin below
Labia- from the Latin word for "lips" ... because it means lips.
Labial Frenulum- flap of skin above top teeth connecting labia and gingiva
Gingiva- The tissue of the upper and lower jaws that surrounds the base of the teeth. Also called gums, an infection/inflammation here is called gingivitis.

Remember to know the dental formula.

Digestive Tract- The result is a load of...

2008-04-28T15:20:00.001-07:00

Digestive Tract:
Esophagus
Stomach
Fundus- small superior portion
Body
Pylorus- bottom 1/3 of stomach
Pyloric Sphincter- inferior sphincter of stomach into Duodenum of small intestine
Cardiac Sphincter- superior sphincter of stomach behind heart
Rugae-large irregular folds of stomach inner lining
Greater Curvature
Lesser Curvature
Greater Omentum
Lesser Omentum

Small Intestine
Duodenum
Hepatopancreatic sphinter (Sphincter of Oddi)- from hepatopancreatic duct
Plica circulares- All segments of the small intestine have plicae circularis which are folds of submucosa that increase surface area. Villi are finger-like projections of the lamina propria, upon and between plicae circulares
Jejunum- Often found in umbilical area of cadavers
Ileum- Lower portion of small intestine ending in Ileocecal valve
Ileocecal Valve- Leeds to cecum

Cartoon Colon

Cecum- the balloon like structure at the base of the Colon
Appendix- extends off cecum

The Colon is divided into 5 sections
ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon- "S" shaped
rectum- the end of the line

Teniae Coli- longitudinal layer of smooth muscle comprised of 3 bands
(tenia coli singular)
Haustra- pocket like sacs
(Haustrum singular)
Right Colic flexure
Left Colic flexure

Anatomy of Associated Digestive Organs

2008-04-28T14:27:00.000-07:00

The digestive tract has a number of associated organs we should be able to identify on models or cadavers... Of course the cadavers are too star-style to have their pictures taken unless it's paparazzi style, and I just can't do that to a sweet old (dead) man. SO here's hoping you can pick them out in the flesh too. a Montana University has been nice enough to put cadaver organ pics up

For a great overview of the entire digestive system photos et al check out Lake Michigan College's web site Many photos here in this lab section have been from their collection. There are simple descriptions and tutorials. main A&P page at Lake Michigan Comm College Cruise the site in between my-spacing or face-booking all your buddies... Check out the interactive colon; it's loads of fun!
Here's a liver picture you can find with interactive labels on the afore mentioned web site:

Associated Organs
What to know for the test:
Liver
Quadrate Lobe
Caudate Lobe
Left Lobe
Right Lobe
Falciform Ligament- divides right and left liver portions
Gall Bladder
Hepatic Ducts
Cystic Duct- duct from common bile duct to gallbladder to store excess bile
Common Hepatic duct- bile leaves the liver toward gall bladder and duodenum
Common Bile Duct- bile toward pancreatic duct and duodenum
Hepatic Artery
Hepatic Portal Vein
Hepatic Vein
Pancreas
Pancreatic Duct
Accessory pancreatic duct
Duodenal Ampulla

Pictures from lab models

Bile duct drawing

Histology Photos from class Slides

2008-04-23T01:33:00.001-07:00

Histo-straight-from-the-lab

Trachea

Bowman's Gland- goblet cells release fluid to cover receptors for scent. Found within the lamina propria made up of hyaline cartilage

Cartilage Plates:

Links and models to check out...

2008-04-22T23:44:00.000-07:00

Degrauw's Biology page..The link was Waaaaaaayyyyy back on the 2nd post.

The fabulous practice questions

What to find or know function on the practical quiz:

Upper respiratory structures:
Oral cavity-
Hard Palate- bone structure superior to teeth
Soft Palate- soft tissue behind hard palate which extends to uvula
External Nares- opening of nose
Nasal Cavity- nose internal area
Nasal Septum- divides right and left cavities
Nasal Conchae- tissue wrapped around turbinate bones
Turbinate Bones- bones in nose covered with tissue to assist in mixing, warming, filtering and humidifying air
Internal Nares- Internal Nasal cavity
Nasopharynx- Nose area to uvula
uvula- continuation of soft pallate
Pharyngeal Tonsil- in posterior nasal cavity
Oropharynx- Uvula to larynx
palatine tonsil- near Uvula
Phayngeal tonsil- in posterior nasal cavity

Larynx-
Hyoid bone- under chin, bone unconnected
Thyroid Cartilage- Of larynx inferior to hyoid largest piece of cartilage
Arytenoid Cartilage- internal thyroid cartilage posterior to vocal cords
Cricoid cartilage- Inferior to thyroid
Thyrohyoid ligament (membrane) between hyoid and thyroid
Cricothyroid ligament- between cricoid and thyroid
Epiglottis- flexible elastic cartilage superior to larynx opening- closes off respiratory system from esophagus
Glottis
Vestibular Fold- "false vocal" skin folds over vocal cords
Vocal fold- true vocal cords more string-like in appearance

Our models from class- can you identify??

Another Model you can count on seeing

Lower respiratory Structures:
Trachea-
trachealis muscle- smooth muscle through trachea
Tracheal rings- cartilagenous rings "C" shaped
Tracheal Bifurcation
Carina- special C shaped cartilage
Hilus- point where bronchi, blood vessels and nerves enter the lungs
Primary Bronchi-
Secondary Bronchi-
Lobes of the Lung- 2 left lobes and 3 right lobes
Cardiac Notch- impression of heart into left lung
Diaphragm-
Visceral Pleura- The viscera of the lungs folds upon itself at the hilus to for the parietal fluid. It is filled with parietal pleura
Parietal Pleura-

The respiratory zone (as opposed to prior conducting zone)
Respiratory bronchioles allow the first air exchange

Upper Respiratory Histology

2008-04-21T22:28:00.000-07:00

Upper Respiratory Histology
Trachea

Olfactory Bowman's Gland

Larynx

Lower Respiratory Structures Histology

2008-04-21T14:25:00.000-07:00

Lower Respiratory Structures to know:

Bronchi
Cartilage plates
Seromucus glands
Bronchioles
Clara cells (surfactant secreting)
collapsed lumen
Smooth Muscle
Respiratory Bronchioles
Smooth Muscle
Alveolar Ducts
Alveoli
Pulmonary Arteries and Veins

The first selection is labeled pictures followed by some unlabeled pics for practice.
Slides are mostly gathered from the following histology web sites:
SIU Med

University of Delaware

Bronchi Photos Labeled

Bronchioles

Respiratory Bronchiole

Alveoli

Unlabeled Histology:

Endocrine Histology Pituitary

2008-04-16T15:58:00.000-07:00

The pituitary, or hypophysis, is really two distinct glands.

1. The anterior pituitary, also called the adenohypophysis.
2. The posterior pituitary, also called the neurohypophysis.

Both parts are attached by the pituitary stalk (also called neural stalk/ infundibulum) to the median eminence at the base of the hypothalamus.

At 40x the pars distalis (A) and the pars intermedia (B) of the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) and the pars nervosa (C) of the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) can be observed. The pars tuberalis and infundibulum were not a part of this preparation. The pars distalis secretes Growth Hormone (GH), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Lutenizing hormone (LH),and Prolactin. The pars intermedia secretes Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). The pars nervosa stores ADH (antidiuretic hormone)and Oxytocin which were secreted by the hypothalamus.

Anterior Pituitary:
Terms to know and Recognize:
Pars Tuberalis
Pars Intermedia
Pars Distalis
Chromophobes- "color" phobes, don't stain well, nucleus appears in hollow hole
hypophyseal portal system
tropic hormones- hormone of anterior pituitary
MSH- melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Acidophils- secrete GH and PRL (Growth Hormone and Prolactin)
Basophils- secrete FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH (Follicle stimulating hormone FSH and leutinizing hormone LH are both referred to as gonadotrophs, adrenocoricotropic hormone ACTH, thyrotropic hormone TSH)

At higher magnifications the dark staining chromophils ( A) and the very light staining chromophobes (B) are easily distinguished.

Chromophobes (black arrow), Eosinophiles (red arrow), Basophiles (blue arrow).

The normal microscopic appearance of the adenohypophysis is shown here. The adenohypophysis contains three major cell types: acidophils, basophils, and chromophobes. The staining is variable, and to properly identify specific hormone secretion, immunohistochemical staining is necessary. A simplistic classification is as follows:

The pink acidophils secrete growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL)

The dark purple basophils secrete corticotrophin (ACTH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and gonadotrophins follicle stimulating hormone-luteinizing hormone (FSH and LH)

The pale staining chromophobes have few cytoplasmic granules, but may have secretory activity.

The Hypophyseal Portal system and Hormones explained simply

A portal system is a blood vessel circuit with 2 sets of capillaries instead of 1. The first capillary bed (1 capillary plexus) picks up the hypothalamic hormones from the ends of the axons. The second capillary bed (2 capillary plexus) drops off the hypothalamic hormones in the anterior pituitary. Connecting the 2 capillary beds are the hypophyseal portal veins.

Posterior Pituitary
Terms to Know:
Pars nervosa
Hypophyseal Tract- blood vessel portal with only one segment as in posterior pituitary
Pituicytes
Neural stalk- (aka) infundibulum
oxytocin
ADH- antidiuretic hormone

This region of the pituitary is non secretory. Its cells are neuroglial-like pituicytes (C).

Endocrine Histology Thyroid and Parathyroid

2008-04-16T15:42:00.000-07:00

The Thyroid and Parathyroid are located in the same area and can be found in the same slides:

Parathyroid in (A) the egg shaped dark stain in this picture with(B) Thyroid

Thyroid
Terms to know:
Colloid
Follicular Cells- produce hormones T3 and T4
Follicles
Parafollicular Cells (C-cells)- produce Calcitonin
Thyroid Hormone
Sinusoids

Thyroid Follicles

Thyroid follicles and colloid The simple cuboidal epithelium lining the follicles produces the thyroglobulin which is stored in the colloid follicles. Later it is taken back up by these same cells, cleaved, and released as T3 & T4.

The thyroid gland is composed of many spherical hollow sacs called thyroid follicles. In this tissue section, each follicle (A) appears as an irregular circle of cells. The principal cells, which surround the follicle are simple cuboidal epithelium. These follicles are filled with a colloid (B), which usually stains pink. The principal cells use the thyroglobulin and iodide stored in the colloid to produce the primary thyroid hormones - including thyroxine.

Between these follicles are the parafollicular cells (C) which produce calcitonin.

Parafollicular cells (C Cells) release Calcitonin.

Parathyroid:
Terms to Know:
Chief Cells- secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
oxyphil cells

The parathyroid consists chiefly of chief cells (duh!). The chief cells are small cells arranged into curvilinear cords. Parathyroid chief cells secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)(again, duh!), which stimulates osteoclast activity and thus raises the blood calcium level. PTH thus works antagonistically with calcitonin (from thyroid C cells) to regulate blood calcium.

The parathyroid also contains oxyphil cells (see next photo)

Parathyroid at higher power, showing that the cells are actually tightly packed epithelial cords. The larger, pale pink cells in the middle and to the right are oxyphil cells; they have a smaller, darker nucleus and relatively larger amount of cytoplasm than the majority of cells, which are called chief cells (to the left in the photo). The chie f cells secrete parathormone; the significance of the oxyphil cells is not clear.

For more Thyroid/Parathyroid fun check out Lumen Lab's Slides

Endocrine System Adrenal Gland

2008-04-16T15:22:00.000-07:00

The adrenal Gland is comprised of the capsule, cortex and medulla areas.

The Adrenal Cortex:
Terms to know and recognize:
Zona Glomerulosa- produces hormone Aldosterone
Zona Fasciculata- produces hormone Cortisol
Zona Reticularis- produces sex hormones Androgen

Sinusoids

Adrenal Sinusoids

The Zona's

Zona Glomerulosa- Aldosterone
Zona Fasciculata- Cortisol
Zona Reticularis- Androgen

Zona Glomerulosa up close

Zona fasciculata and reticularis

Unmarked all Zona's

Adrenal medulla:
terms to Know:
Chromaffin cells- produce both adrenaline and noradrenaline
Sympathetic ganglia
Medullary Vein- Adrenal blood supply flows from capsular arteries to medullary veins by percolating through cortical sinusoids.

Chromaffin Cells

Medullary vein

A Few pictures to review the adrenal gland

Zona Reticularis and Fasciculata

All zonas

Endocrine Histology Pancreas, Thymus and Pineal Body

2008-04-16T15:05:00.000-07:00

Pancreas
Know the following:
Islets of Langerhans
alpha and beta cells
exocrine acinar tissue
glucagon- produced by alpha cells
insulin- produced by beta cells

Full view of Pancreas- Pancreatic islets of Langerhans are small nests of cells, arranged into curvilinear cords, scattered throughout the pancreas.

Islets are usually conspicuously paler (less intensely stained) than the acini (OR Exocrine Acinar Tissue) of the exocrine pancreas, but in any case islets differ markedly from exocrine pancreas in the arrangement of cells (cords rather than acini).

Pancreatic islets contain several endocrine cell types secreting insulin (beta cells), glucagon (alpha cells), somatostatin (delta cells), and pancreatic polypeptide (PP cells). These cells cannot be readily distinguished in routine preparations but may be identified with special stains.

Special Stains for Alpha and Beta Cells (do not need to recognize for test)

Immunoperoxidase staining can help identify the nature of the cells present in the islets of Langerhans. On the right, antibody to insulin has been employed to identify the beta cells. On the left, antibody to glucagon identifies the alpha cells.
Alpha cells secrete glucagon
Beta cells secrete insulin

Islets of Langerhans

Exocrine Acinar Tissue

Thymus:
Terms to learn:
Cortex
Medulla
Thymosin
Lymphoid tissue

Another view of Thymus

Pineal Body:
Know the following: (it's a short list)
concretions (brain sand)
melatonin

Endocrine Histology Plenty of Histo Ovaries and testes

2008-04-16T13:34:00.000-07:00

Ovary Medulla and Cortex

Terms to know:
Estrogens
medulla
Cortex
Progesterone
follicles
inhibin

The outer portion of the ovary is called the cortex. The inner portion is called the medulla. There is some ill-defined difference in stromal texture between cortex and medulla, but the main distinction is that the cortex includes all of the ovarian follicles while the medulla contains the larger blood vessels.

Ovarian Follicles

Ovarian Follicles produce estrogen, progesterone and inhibin

Ovarian Follicles

Testes:
Terms to know:
Interstitial Cells (cells of Leydig)- produces testosterone
Sustentacular cells (Sertoli cells)- produces inhibin

Sustentacular Cells, also called Sertoli cells nourish spermatogenic cells
form blood/testis barrier to keep sperm from immune system. Produces Inhibin

Cells of Leydig produce Testosterone

Interstitial cells, also called cells of Leydig

There is a plethora of Histology gathered here for the class lab, most are found on various University websites... Although there are probably a handful, or less students who check this blog (counting myself of course) to give credit where credit is due the slides are gathered from the following web pages:

University Delaware Biology

University of Omaha

Kansas State University

My Favorite Histology Site so far from the school of medicine
SIU School of Medicine

Another great Histology resource College of Medicine U of Illinois great practice and info!

For a quick break down of all organs and hormones in one quick page (histology on links) check outLake Michigan College

One Quick Look at one page of histology Endocrine Histology in a glance

Muscle Tissue Histology

2008-04-09T01:20:00.000-07:00

Skeletal Muscle Striated

Skeletal Muscle striated and Multinucleate

Smooth Muscle

Smooth Muscle Uninucleate

Cardiac Muscle Intercalated discs

More Cardiac Muscles

Connective Tissues Blood and Bone

2008-04-09T01:03:00.000-07:00

Blood Features to know: Lymphocytes, Erythrocytes and Platelets

Lymphocytes

erythrocytes- blood cells

Bone Features to know:
Osteon
Oseteocytes
Lacunae
Canaliculi
Haversion Canal
Volkmann's Canal

Anatomy 302 Begins with Histology

2008-04-08T20:50:00.000-07:00

There are various types of tissue.

Epithelial Tissue:

Simple Squamous- this photo shows Alveoli of the lungs

Stratified Squamous- Keratinized in skin

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium-

Simple Columnar Epithelium-

Transitional Epithelium-

CT- Connective Tissue

Areolar CT

This image of areolar CT represents a whole mount (NOT a section) of mesentery (the tissue which binds together the loops of intestine within the peritoneal cavity.

This view looks through the entire mesentery, which is a sandwich of mesothelium on front and back surfaces with loose connective tissue and blood vessels in between.

The two most common cell types are mesothelial cells and fibroblasts.

The large, pale, oval nuclei belong to mesothelial cells which form the mesothelial surfaces on the front and back of the mesentery.

The smaller, darker, more elongate nuclei belong to fibroblasts, which manufacture and secrete the molecules which form the extracellular matrix.

Macrophages, mast cells, and lymphocytes may also be found in such preparations, but none are clearly identifiable in this image.

The matrix consists of unstained ground substance through which pass fibers of made of collagen and elastin.

Elastic fibers are thin, fairly uniform in diameter, and frequently branched. The are normally visible only if specially stained (as they have been in this specimen).

Collagen fibers vary in thickness and are eosinophilic (pink, in this stain).

CT- Elastic Fibers

CT- Reticular CT silver stain only

CT- Hyaline Cartilage Chondrocytes in Lacunae

CT- Adipose fat storage

Conduction System of the heart and Electrocardiography

2008-03-10T23:25:00.000-07:00

Thanks for the photos Jesica!

Cardiac Chambers and Cycle

Cardiac Conduction System

1- Sinoatrial (SA) node- pacemaker
2- Atrioventricular (AV) node
3- AV bundle- Bundle of His
4- Bundle Branches
5- Perkinje Fibers

Cardiac Cycle

P Wave- Atrial depolarization
P-Q Interval- Atrial systole
QRS Complex- Ventricular depolarization begins after Apex
S-T segment- Ventricular Systole
Q-T Interval- Ventricular depolarization through repolarization

Tachycardia and Bradycardia

ECG/ EKG rhythm info

EKG/ECG Pictorial

Diagrams of Feline Arterial and Venous Systems

2008-03-04T21:10:00.000-08:00

Arterial System Diagram

Venous System Diagram

Cat Arterial and Venous System, the 2 minute tutorial

2008-02-27T21:39:00.000-08:00

Amusing YouTube Tutorial with a simple cat model with veins marked. Less grotesque, although the narrator is bit interesting to listen to.

Veins and Arteries- catastrophy

2008-02-27T21:00:00.000-08:00

Yes, not savory... Thanks to the street feline who donated his body to science. What can you do? People, it's like Bob Barker says...

Anyways our pics for the week

Arterial System Shown Here
Red Pins:
1- Aortic Arch
2- Right Brachiocephalic Artery
3- Subclavian Artery
4- Common Carotid Artery
5- Axillary Arery
6- Brachial Artery

Venous System
White Pins/Yellow Pins:
1. Superior Vena Cava
2. Inferior Vena Cava
3. Azygos Vein
4. Brachiocephalic Vein
5. External Jugular Vein
6. Inter Jugular Vein
7. Subclavian Vein
8. Axillary Vein
9. Brachial Vein

Another Picture Same View

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Lower body Venous and Arterial Pins

Arterial System Shown Here
Red Pins:
11. Renal Artery
12. Inferior Mesenteric Artery
13. Iliolumbar Artery
14. External Iliac Artery ** In humans there exist the Lt and Rt common Iliac Arteres
15. Internal Iliac Artery **On cats internal iliac arteries branch off med. Sacral Artery
16. Femoral Artery

Venous System
White Pins/Yellow Pins:
8.Axillary Vein
9.Brachial Vein
10. Renal vein
11. Gonadal vein
12. Common Iliac Vein
13. External Iliac Vein
14. Femoral Vein
15. Great Saphenous Vein

Another Picture same view:

2 More Views: 1 Without pins

Ask the wizard for a heart...

2008-02-27T20:06:00.000-08:00

Pictures, slides and links for the heart -- anyone send a few so I can make a collection. Unfortunately never received any pictures from the lab... so on to the next.

Histology Blood

2008-02-20T02:22:00.000-08:00

Well, it's a bit late, and I get the feeling it's only me using this blog anyways...
None the less, here's the blood histology slides I found online. This week seemed fairly simple:

Formed Elements make up 45% of blood
Plasma makes up 55% of blood

Erythrocytes: Red blood cells

Leukocytes are white blood cells and include the following:

Granulocytes- Neutrophil, Eosinophil, and Basophil appear grainy in slides

Neutrophil: (50-70% of Leukocytes)
multi-lobe neucleus, active phagocyte

Eosinophil: (2-4% of Leukocytes)
bilobed neucleus

Basophil (0.5-1 % of Leukocytes)
"S" shaped neucleus

Agranulocytes: no visible granules clear cyctoplasm

Lymphocyte- spherical neucleus imported for antibody immune response

Monocytes: "U" shaped neucleus, long term-chronic illness 2x's as big as RBC

To remember the greatest percentage in blood/plasma use the achronymn

Never Let Monkeys Eat bananas

neutrophil
lymphocyte
monocyte
eosinophil
basophil

A few more slides

Neutrophil and Eosinophil

Lymphocyte and Neutrophil

More pictures from classmates

2008-02-12T18:09:00.000-08:00

Click here for Great Crista Ampullaris info online

Great quick animation about balance and the maculae click here

This animation shows the crista ampullaris and the connection with semicircular ducts to maintain balance click here

Cochlea Histology

Sound Reception in the Cochlea

Inner Ear The Cochlea

Crista Ampullaris

Crista Ampullaris Histology

Inner Ear Anatomy

Middle Ear Anatomy

The Organ of Corti

Organ of Corti 2

Hear, hear for ears... a fantastic sense

2008-02-08T00:57:00.000-08:00

Cochlea Histology

Crista Ampularis Histology

More Crista Ampularis

Vestibular branch of vestibularcochlear nerve

Gravity and Linear Acceleration

Ear Cochlea Histology

one page comprehensive list showing ear anatomy

cochlear fluids the quick and easy version

quiz your self on structure, function and location with an easy picture

6 ear histology slides

The eyes have it

2008-02-03T16:29:00.000-08:00

Pictures taken:

Muscles and Locations:
Fibrous Tunic
1. Cornea (clear portion continuous with sclera)
2. Sclera (white eyeball)

Vascular Tunic (uvea)
3. Choroid
4. Iris
5. Pupil
6. Ciliary Body

Sensory Tunic
7. Retina (rods, cones, ganglion cell, bipolar cells)
8. Optic disc (blind spot)

9. Tatetum Lucidum (in some animals)
10. Lens
11. Vitreous Humor

Here is the link that the teacher recommended click here for eye info

The Nervous System PNS, CNS and ANS

2008-01-23T18:57:00.000-08:00

I found a great site to upload and create your own flash cards, view other students flash cards, etc. I started a set of flash cards for the Nervous System, PNS, CNS and ANS can be found flashcardexchange.com my site

A very useful website called Gray's Anatomy (the famous book publisher NOT the TV show with Doctor McDreamy) gray's anatomy website you can search ANY anatomy info

The University of Minnesota has some great pictures to test you; just click on "spinal cord", "sheep brain", etc. U Minn web quizes

That's All for now.. check out the flashcardexchange.com my flash cards , create your own and send me the link (the web address http... from your home page, or send any info for collaboration.

Cranial Nerves Pictures and Links

2008-01-22T22:08:00.000-08:00

Link to Cranial Nerve by a Utah Medical University

Perhaps the most detailed and interesting cranial nerve tutorials put out by Yale University of medicine Yale's cranial nerves page find pictures, and various ways to diagnose problems with cranials nerves. Click on the each nerve to see multiple pages.

A Cute and easy Quiz for the Cranial nerves:
click here for online pictoral quiz

Big Brain Photo with Labels

2008-01-20T01:49:00.000-08:00

A Nice big slide from DeGrauw's Slides... probably one of my favorites for studying.

See below for link to his notes and pictures of sheep brain.

Useful A&P Links

2008-01-16T14:09:00.000-08:00

www.getbodysmart.com

Interactive learning for A&P students recommended by Professor DeGrauws

Here's a link to DeGrauw's page which has a histology download with slides showing cell types NOTE the passowrd and username are listed at the top of the page.
DeGrauw's Page

Here is great A&P learn cranial nerves site cranial nerves tutorial I think pneumonics are most useful to learn the nerves... but I initially learned
Oh- Olfactory
Oh- Optic
Oh- Oculomotor
To- Trochlear
Touch- Trigeminal
And- Abducens
Feel- Facial
Very- Vestibulochoclear
Good- Glossopharyngeal
Velvet- Vagus
(as in "Ah")
A- Accesory
H-Hypoglossal

IF YOU HAVE ANY PICTURES TO ADD OR LINKS I SHOULD POST, PLEASE EMAIL ME aisha6780@hotmail.com

Thanks...

Brains, Cranial Nerves

2008-01-16T13:29:00.000-08:00

Key For Photos:
Red Pins
1. Frontal Lobe
2. Olfactory Bulb
3. Temporal Lobe
4. Cerebellum
5. Medulla
6. Optic Nerve
7. Optic Chiasma
8. Oculomotor nerve
9. Pituitary Gland
10. Trochlear Nerve
11. Trigeminal Nerve
12. Abducens Nerve
13. Fornix
14. Corpis Collosum
15. Thalamis
16. Pineal Body
17. Parietal Lobe
18. Pons
19. Arbor Vitae
20. Fourth Ventricle

White Pins
1. Corpora Quadrigemina- Superior Colliculi
2. Corpora Quadrigemina- Inferior Colliculi
3. Hypothalamus
4. Lateral Ventricle

This Photo Contains Red 15,17,18,19,20 and White 3

Contains: Red 1,2,3,4,6,7,8

Contains Red 10,11,8, and 18,19,20 White 3

Contains: Red 1,2,4,6,7

Contains: Red 15,17,18,19,20 and white 3

The pictures get a bit fuzzier here...

Contains: Red 14, White 1,2,4

Same picture, new view